Terpios hoshinota Rützler and Muzik 1993
Terpios in the Nansei Islands - history
Outbreak noticed in Mariana Is. 1973. (Bryan 1973 )
Terpios-Nansei project
Assess the current distribution of Terpios in the Nansei Islands.
Establish monitoring sites.
If present, characterize sexual reproduction & ecology.
Methods
Survey all major islands by snorkel/scuba (Reimer).
Monthly/bi-monthly sampling at designated locations – histology (Hirose), genetics (Chen).
Permanent transects at massive outbreak (Reimer), analyses (Reimer, Nozawa).
Preliminary results
Three situations observed: none, small amounts, massive outbreak
Disappearance?
Yonama, Tokunoshima had massive outbreak (87.9% cover) in 1986 (Marine Park Center Foundation 1986).
Discussion
Terpios absent or present in small numbers in most reefs in Nansei Islands (38/39 examined locations).
Coverage does not appear to fluctuate much in most locations.
Discussion & Questions
Massive outbreaks still occur in Nansei Islands.
How long do outbreaks last?
“Recovery” observed at Yonama, but is this true recovery? At least, not a dead-end.
Results suggest outbreaks are linked to reef degradation, but factors not clear.
Future work
Permanent transect results & analyses.
Try to quantify speed at which massive outbreaks can occur.
Combine analyses with genetic, histological results.
Examine Yakomo (current outbreak location) to understand causes of outbreaks. Why this location?
Part 2: Activity
Situation:
You are the mayor of a small coral reef island (~300 people) in a semi-poor country.
Pressure on the coral reef is growing (tourism, fishing).
Questions:
What data do you need?
What conservation plans do you make?
Part 3: Community conservation in the Philippines.History
Philippines consist of 7000+ islands.
Centuries have used reefs for livelihood.
Since 1970s, threatened by over-exploitation and destructive fishing methods.
Conservation started in 1974.
Many projects failed.
Politics tied to conservation.
Local governments have authority but not knowledge or budget.
To be successful, combination of local and national people.
Within local group, must include users of reef; fishermen, resort owners, coastal residents, scuba divers.
Start of conservation
MDCP started in 1986 on three islands (62-166 households); Apo, Pamilacan, Balicasag.
All had less fish catch, increasing destruction and poverty.
MCDP plan
Marine reserves with buffer areas to increase number and diversity fish.
Development of local knowledge and alternative work.
Community center.
Outreach and replication program.
MCDP stepsIntegration into community.
Education - marine ecology and resource management.
Group building, formalizing, strengthening.
Results
Apo & Pamilacan remain strong.
Balicasag protection groups somewhat weakened due to large PTA resort and less local “ownership”.
PTA has good points too.
All islands have stronger municipal laws now.
Results
Local fisherman believe sanctuary has helped.
Comparison of 1985-86 data with 1992 shows increases in fish, stable coral cover.
Conclusions
MPAs work on small islands by preventing destructive fishing and making locals understand value of conservation.
Small islands easier to implement plans.
Immediate benefits must be seen.
Baseline data necessary.
Local fishermen help with MPA location decisions.
Locals must understand how problem and answer related.
Management groups must have respected members.
Link with all potentially helpful groups.
All plans vulnerable to politics and outside groups.
References
1. White & Vogt. 2000. Philippine coral reefs under threat: lessons learned after 25 years of community-based reef conservation. Mar Poll Bull 40: 537-550.
Philippines consist of 7000+ islands.
Centuries have used reefs for livelihood.
Since 1970s, threatened by over-exploitation and destructive fishing methods.
Conservation started in 1974.
Many projects failed.
Politics tied to conservation.
Local governments have authority but not knowledge or budget.
To be successful, combination of local and national people.
Within local group, must include users of reef; fishermen, resort owners, coastal residents, scuba divers.
Start of conservation
MDCP started in 1986 on three islands (62-166 households); Apo, Pamilacan, Balicasag.
All had less fish catch, increasing destruction and poverty.
MCDP plan
Marine reserves with buffer areas to increase number and diversity fish.
Development of local knowledge and alternative work.
Community center.
Outreach and replication program.
MCDP stepsIntegration into community.
Education - marine ecology and resource management.
Group building, formalizing, strengthening.
Results
Apo & Pamilacan remain strong.
Balicasag protection groups somewhat weakened due to large PTA resort and less local “ownership”.
PTA has good points too.
All islands have stronger municipal laws now.
Results
Local fisherman believe sanctuary has helped.
Comparison of 1985-86 data with 1992 shows increases in fish, stable coral cover.
Conclusions
MPAs work on small islands by preventing destructive fishing and making locals understand value of conservation.
Small islands easier to implement plans.
Immediate benefits must be seen.
Baseline data necessary.
Local fishermen help with MPA location decisions.
Locals must understand how problem and answer related.
Management groups must have respected members.
Link with all potentially helpful groups.
All plans vulnerable to politics and outside groups.
References
1. White & Vogt. 2000. Philippine coral reefs under threat: lessons learned after 25 years of community-based reef conservation. Mar Poll Bull 40: 537-550.
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